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精密鍛造成形技術類型及應用

精密鍛造成形技術，又稱為近形或近凈成形技術是指零件成形后，僅需要少量加工或不再加工，就可以用作機械構件的成形技術。在生產實踐中，人們習慣將精密鍛造成形技術分為：冷精鍛成形、熱精鍛成形、溫精鍛成形、復合成形、閉塞鍛造、等溫鍛造、分流鍛造等。
Precision forging forming technology, also known as near shape or near net shape forming technology, refers to the forming technology that can be used as mechanical components only needs a small amount of processing or no longer processing after parts are formed. In production practice, people are used to divide precision forging technology into: cold precision forging, hot precision forging, warm precision forging, composite forming, block forging, isothermal forging, split forging and so on.
1、冷精鍛成形
1. Cold precision forging
將不加熱的金屬材料直接進行鍛造，主要包括冷擠壓和冷鐓擠。
Forging the unheated metal materials directly, mainly including cold extrusion and cold upsetting extrusion.
冷精鍛成形技術比較適合多品種小批量生產，主要用來制造汽車、摩托車的各種零部件以及一些齒形零件。
Cold precision forging technology is more suitable for many varieties of small batch production, mainly used to manufacture various parts of automobiles and motorcycles, as well as some tooth shaped parts.
2、熱精鍛成形
2. Hot precision forging
主要是指在再結晶溫度之上的精密鍛造成形工藝。熱精鍛成形工藝大多采用閉式模鍛，對模具和設備精度要求較高，鍛造時坯料體積必須嚴格控制，否則模具內部易產生較大壓力，故在設計閉式模鍛模具時，通常運用分流降壓原理來解決此問題。
It mainly refers to the precision forging process above the recrystallization temperature. The hot precision forging process mostly adopts closed die forging, which requires high precision of die and equipment. During forging, the volume of blank must be strictly controlled, otherwise the die is prone to generate large pressure inside. Therefore, in the design of closed die forging die, the principle of split pressure reduction is usually used to solve this problem.
目前我國載重汽車所用的直齒錐齒輪大多采用此方法生產。
At present, most of the straight bevel gears used in trucks in China are produced by this method.
3、溫精鍛成形
3. Warm precision forging
是在再結晶溫度以下某個合適的溫度下進行的精密鍛造成形工藝。但溫鍛的鍛造溫度分為較窄、對模具材料力學和模具本身要求高，通常需要采用專門的高精度鍛造設備。
It is a precision forging process at a suitable temperature below the recrystallization temperature. However, the forging temperature of warm forging can be divided into narrow, high requirements for die material mechanics and die itself, and special high-precision forging equipment is usually needed.
溫精鍛工藝一般比較適合大批量生產，鍛造中等屈服強度材料。
Warm precision forging process is generally suitable for mass production, forging medium yield strength materials.
4、復合成形
4. Compound forming
主要是將冷、溫、熱等多種鍛造工藝結合起來，取長補短，達到預期效果。
It mainly combines cold, warm, hot and other forging processes to learn from each other and achieve the expected results.
復合成形是各種齒輪、管接頭等高強度零部件的標準鍛造方法。
Compound forming is a standard forging method for high strength parts such as gears and pipe joints.
5、閉塞鍛造
5. Block forging
是在封閉凹模內通過一個或兩個沖頭單向或雙向復動擠壓金屬一次成形，獲得無飛邊的精鍛件的成形工藝。
In the closed die, one or two punches are used to extrude metal in one-way or two-way to obtain the forming process of the precision forging without flash.
主要用于生產圓錐齒輪、轎車等速萬向節星形套、管接頭、十字軸、傘齒輪等產品。
It is mainly used in the production of bevel gear, car constant velocity universal joint star sleeve, pipe joint, cross shaft, bevel gear and other products.
6、等溫鍛造
6. Isothermal forging
指坯料在趨于恒定溫度下模鍛。
It refers to the forging of billets at a constant temperature.
用于變形溫度敏感、難成形的金屬材料和零件，如鈦合金、鋁合金、薄的腹板、高筋。
It is used for metal materials and parts that are sensitive to deformation temperature and difficult to form, such as titanium alloy, aluminum alloy, thin web and high reinforcement.
7、分流鍛造
7. Split forging
是在毛坯或模具的成形部分建立一個材料的分流腔或分流通道，以保證材料填充效果。
It is to establish a material diversion cavity or channel in the forming part of the blank or die to ensure the filling effect of the material.
分流鍛造主要應用于正齒輪和螺旋齒輪的冷鍛成形工藝。
Split forging is mainly used in cold forging process of spur gear and spiral gear.